Vol. 18 (2024): CNU-JHE
Articles

From Striving to Thriving: Understanding the Resilience Frameworks and Practices of Educational Leaders during the COVID-19 Crisis

Ray Ferdinand Gagani
Cebu Normal University
Janet Mananay
Cebu Normal University

Published 03-06-2024

Keywords

  • Resilience,
  • Educational leaders,
  • Covid-19

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly transformed education systems worldwide, presenting unprecedented challenges for educational leaders. This paper is a Heideggerian phenomenology which implements Van Manen's phenomenological methodology. The research delves into the resilience frameworks employed by educational leaders amidst the unparalleled challenges posed by the COVID-19 crisis. Through the lens of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), the study elucidates the nuanced experiences of educational leaders as they navigated the tumultuous terrain of the pandemic. By employing qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews and thematic analysis, this study uncovers the experiential characterization of resiliency in the context of education based on the experiential narratives of the informants. The research reveals elements that characterize resiliency in leadership in higher education institutions through the education leaders' persistence in navigating uncertainty, resourcefulness and innovation, agility and creativity, efficient communication, adaptability, and supportive behavior. It was concluded that these elements have a leadership character as a manifestation of resiliency that promotes persistence in maintaining organizational activities and innovations in times of unprecedented challenges. The findings of this research may shed light on the pathways from mere surviving to thriving amidst adversity and challenges in the education niche. Through the exploration of lived experiences and sense-making processes, this study not only contributes to the theoretical understanding of resilience within the educational leadership context but also offers practical insights and recommendations for fostering resilience in educational settings amidst crisis.

References

  1. Adger, W. N. (2005). Social-Ecological Resilience
  2. to Coastal Disasters. Science, 309(5737), 1036–
  3. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1112122
  4. Adger, W. N., Hughes, T. P., Folke, C., Carpenter, S.R., &Rockström, J. (2005). Social ecologicalresilience to coastal disasters. Science, 309(5737), 1036-1039.
  5. American Psychological Association (2012). Building your resilience. https://www.apa.org /topics/resilience.
  6. Aparece, F. (2017). Exploring the Lived Experiences of Young Motorcycle Drivers from Motor Vehicular Accidents (MVAs). CNU-Journal of Higher Education, 11.
  7. Berkes, F., & Jolly, D. (2002). Adapting to Climate Change: Social-Ecological Resilience in a Canadian Western Arctic Community. Conservation Ecology, 5(2).www.jstor.org/ stable/26271828
  8. Berkes, F., Folke, C., & Colding, J. (Eds.). (2000). Linking social and ecological systems: management practices and social mechanisms for building resilience. Cambridge University Press.
  9. Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human fv1aaaaxy99axttrdhgvhvbcaxquty;jn.j.lhgfvgvvsaazqasvctrjxdsasxza3wak3jhhljvnsxza
  10. Brand, F., & Jax, K. (2007). Focusing the Meaning(s) of Resilience: Resilience as a Descriptive Concept and a Boundary Object. Ecology and Society, 12(1). www.jstor. org/stable/26267855
  11. Broome, R. (2011). Descriptive phenomenological psychological method: An example of a methodology section from a doctoral dissertation. Selected Works.
  12. Chen, J., Zhang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2021). Leadership agility and resilience in the educational context during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Educational Administration, 59(2), 206-223.
  13. Christensen, M., Welch, A., & Barr, J. (2017). Husserlian Descriptive Phenomenology: A review of intentionality, reduction, and the natural attitude. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 7(8), 113-118.
  14. Collins, K. R. L., Legendre, M. N., Stritzke, W. G. K., & Page, A. C. (2018). Experimentally enhanced perceptions of meaning confer resilience to the interpersonal adversity implicated in suicide risk Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 61, 142–149.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.07.004
  15. Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and anxiety, 18(2), 76-82.
  16. Cutler, Robert & Lingen, Alexander. (2019). An Evolutionary Phenomenology of Resilience: Study of the Organizational Development of the European Parliament]. Kybernetes, 48. 685-695. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-11-201704 60.
  17. Cunningham, T. G. (2015). A Phenomenological study of the resiliency of special education teachers. Drexel University.
  18. Dabbagh, N., & Kitsantas, A. (2021). Leading for innovation, adaptation, and resilience: Lessons from COVID-19 for educational leadership. Journal of Educational Administration, 59(3), 298-312
  19. Dahlberg K. Did Husserl change his mind? In: Ashworth, P.D., and Chung, M.C., Phenomenology and Psychological Science: Historical and Philosophical Perspectives. Springer, London: 2006. https://doi.org/1 0.1007/978-0-387-33762-3_5
  20. Draper-Lowe, London, "Exploring the Lived Experience and Meaning of Resilience for Nurses: A Descriptive Phenomenological Inquiry" (2016). Dissertations. 353.http://dig scholarship.unco.edu/dissertations/35 Dowling, M. (2007). From Husserl to van Manen. A review of different phenomenological approaches. International journal of nursing studies, 44(1), 131 142.
  21. Durlak, J. A., Weissberg, R. P., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., & Schellinger, K. B. (2011). The impact of enhancing students' social and emotional learning: A meta-analysis of school-based universal interventions. Child development, 82(1), 405-432
  22. Errasti‐Ibarrondo, B., Jordán, J. A., Díez‐Del‐Corral, M. P., & Arantzamendi, M. (2018). Conducting phenomenological research: Rationalizing the methods and rigor of the phenomenology of practice. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(7), 1723-1734.
  23. Fancher RE. Brentano’s (1977). Psychology from an empirical standpoint points to Freud’s early Metapsychology. Journal of the History of the Behavioural Sciences. 1977; 13(3): 207-227. PMid:332759
  24. Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European Psychologist, 18(1), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-3109040/a00 0124
  25. Folke, C., Biggs, R., Norström, A., Reyers, B., & Rockström, J. (2016). Social-ecological resilience and biosphere-based sustainability science. Ecology and Society,21(3). www.jstor.org/stable/26269981
  26. Gadamer, H. G. (2004). Truth and Method, translation revised by Joel Weinsheimer and Donald G.Marshall. Ed. Wahrheit und Methode. London: Continuum.
  27. Gallagher, S. (2012). Phenomenology. London, Palgrave.https://doi.org/10.1057/978113728381
  28. General, J. R. (2019). From novice to expert: The lived experience of master teachers in science. CNU-Journal of Higher Education, 13, 34-42.
  29. Glendinning, S (2007). In the name of phenomenology. Routledge, New York
  30. Geocaris, C. M. (2004). The evolving role of the principalship: Critical insights for a new paradigm (Doctoral dissertation, Northern Illinois University).
  31. Groenewald, T. (2004). A Phenomenological Research Design Illustrated. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 42–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690400300104.
  32. Guerrero, A., Smith, J., Johnson, K., & Thompson, L.(2021). The impact of COVID-19 on themental health and well-being of school leadersin the United States. Journal of EducationalPsychology, 45(3), 123-145
  33. Hart, P., & Healy, S. (2019). School leadership and resilience: Managing schools in challenging times. In T. Townsend & S. MacBeath (Eds.), International handbook of school leadership (pp. 371-391). Springer. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3-319-98385-2_21
  34. Haskett, M. E., Nears, K., Sabourin Ward, C., & McPher son, A. V. (2006). Diversity in adjustment of maltreated children: Factors associated with resilient functioning. Clinical Psychology Review, 26(6), 796–812. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.03.005
  35. Hassani, P., Izadi-Avanji, F. S., Rakhshan, M., & Majd, H. A. (2017). A phenomenological study on resilience of the elderly suffering from chronic disease: a qualitative study. Psychology research and behavior management, 10, 59.
  36. Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual review of ecology and systematics, 4(1), 1-23.
  37. Holroyd, C. (2001). Phenomenological research method, design, and procedure: A phenomenological investigation of the phenomenon of being-in-community as experienced by two individuals who have participated in a community building workshop,Indo-Pacific Journal of phenomenology, 1:1, 1-10.https://doi.org/10.1080/20797222.2001.11433859
  38. Joseph, J. (2013). Resilience as embedded neoliberalism: a governmentality approach. Resilience, 1(1), 38-52. https://doi.org/10 .1080/21693293.2013.765741
  39. Kim, S., & Lee, J. (2021). Resilience of school administrators during COVID-19: A study on its relationships with job satisfaction and burnout. International Journal of Educational Management, 35(3), 445-454.
  40. Kleiman, E. M., & Beaver, J. K. (2013). A meaningful life is worth living: Meaning in life as a suicide resiliency factor. Psychiatry Research, 210(3), 934–939. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.08.002
  41. Lashway, L., & Brouwer, N. (2019). Educational leadership in an era of accountability: Navigating complex policies and practices. Journal of Educational Administration, 57(1), 17-31. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEA-03-2018-0036
  42. Ledesma, J. (2014). Conceptual frameworks and research models on resilience in leadership. Sage Open, 4(3), 2158244014545464.
  43. Lee, H. J., & Kim, M. (2020). Educational leadership in the time of COVID-19: A collective autoethnography of teacher educators. Teaching and Teacher Education, 92, 104904.
  44. Lee, T. Y., Cheung, C. K., & Kwong, W. M. (2012). Resilience as a positive youth development construct: a conceptual review. The Scientific World Journal, 2012, 390450
  45. Lightsey, O. R. (2006). Resilience, Meaning, and Well-Being. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(1), 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/001 1000005282369
  46. Lindström, B. (2001). The meaning of resilience. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/ ijamh.2001.13.1.7
  47. Liu, J. J. W., Reed, M., & Girard, T. A. (2017). Advancing resilience: An integrative, multi-system model of resilience. Personality and Individual Differences, 111, 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.02.007
  48. Louis, K. S., & Murphy, J. (2020). Managing through crisis: Educational leadership in the time of COVID-19. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 5(3-4), 279-284.
  49. Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child development, 71(3), 543-562. Magrini, J. (2012). Phenomenology for educators: Max van Manen and" human science" research.
  50. Matua, G. A., & Van Der Wal, D. M. (2015). Differentiating between descriptive and interpretive phenomenological research approaches. Nurse Researcher, 22(6), 22–27.https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.22.6.22.e1344
  51. Masten, A. S. (2014a). Ordinary magic: Resilience in development. Guilford Press.
  52. Masten, A. S. (2014b). Global perspectives on resilience in children and youth. Child development, 335 85(1), 6-20.
  53. Masten, A. S., & Narayan, A. J. (2012). Child development in the context of disaster, war, and terrorism: Pathways of risk and resilience. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 227-257. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100356
  54. Masten, A. S., & Powell, J. L. (2003). A resilience framework for research, policy, and practice. In S. S. Luthar (Ed.), Resilience and vulnerability: Adaptation in the context of childhood adversities (pp. 1-28). Cambridge University Press.
  55. Masten, A. S. (2007). Resilience in developing systems: Progress and promise as the fourth wave rises. Development and Psychopathology, 19(03), 921. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579 407000442
  56. Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American psychologist, 56(3), 227.
  57. Morrison, J. C. (1970). Husserl and Brentano on Intentionality. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 31(1), 27. https:// doi. org /10.2307/2105978
  58. Moser, A., & Korstjens, I. (2018). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 3: Sampling, data collection, and analysis. The European journal of general practice, 24(1),9–18.https://doi.org/10.1080/138147 88.2017.1375091
  59. Narayan Prasad Kafle, N.P. (2011). Hermeneutic phenomenological research method simplified. Bodhi: An Interdisciplinary Journal, (5), 181-200, 2091-0479.
  60. Norberg, G. D. Peterson, and R. Pritchard. 2002. Resilience management in social-ecological systems: a working hypothesis for a participatory approach. Conservation Ecology 6(1): 14. [online]. http:// www.consecol.org/ vol6/iss1/art14/
  61. Panimdim, C. (2018). Life in a Crossroad: Lived Experiences of Spouses Caring with Cerebrovascular Accident Survivor. CNU-Journal of Higher Education, 12, 21-29.
  62. Santos, J. C., & Boaventura, J. M. (2016). Resilience and persistence in school principals. Journal of Educational Administration, 54(6), 748-764.
  63. Sharif, M. M., & Cangarlu, O. (2018). Resilience and creative problem-solving in educational leadership. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 46(6), 957-972.
  64. Satici, S. A. (2016). Psychological vulnerability, resilience, and subjective well-being: The mediating role of hope. Personality and Individual Differences, 102, 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.06.057
  65. Schwarz, S. (2018). Resilience in psychology: A critical analysis of the concept. Theory & Psychology, 28(4), 528–541. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0959354318783584
  66. Siebert, A. (n.d.) The five levels of resiliency. [webpage]. https://resiliencycenter.com/the-five-levels-of-resiliency/.
  67. Sloan, A. & Bowe, Brian (2014). Phenomenology and hermeneutic phenomenology: the philosophy, the methodologies, and using hermeneutic phenomenology to investigate lecturers' experiences of curriculum design.Quality & Quantity, Vol.48, no.3, pp.1291-1303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-013-9835-3
  68. Sloan, A., & Bowe, B. (2013). Phenomenology and hermeneutic phenomenology: the philosophy, the methodologies, and using hermeneutic phenomenology to investigate lecturers’ experiences of curriculum design. Quality & Quantity, 48(3), 1291–1303. https://doi.org/10. 1007/s 11135-013-9835-3
  69. Smith, A., & Johnson, B. (2018). Resilience in educational leadership: Adapting to changing circumstances. Journal of Educational Administration, 32(4), 567-584.
  70. Smith, A., & Stirling, A. (2010). The Politics of Social-ecological Resilience and Sustainable Socio-technical Transitions. Ecology and Society, 15(1). www.jstor.org/stable/262 68112
  71. Spiegelberg, H. (1973). Is the Reduction Necessary for Phenomenology? Husserl’s and Pfänder’s Replies. Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, 4(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/ 10.1080/00071773.1973.11006285
  72. Sumskis, S., Moxham, L., & Caputi, P. (2016). Meaning of resilience as described by people with schizophrenia. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 26(3), 273–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12268
  73. Teixeira, R., Vieira, C., & Tavares, S. M. (2020). The role of resilience in higher education leadership: An exploratory study. Studies in Higher Education, 45(7), 1486-1500.
  74. Tempski, P., Martins, M. A., & Paro, H. B. (2012). Teaching and learning resilience: a new agenda in? Medical education. Medical Education-Oxford, 46(4), 345.
  75. Tufford, L., & Newman, P. (2012). Bracketing in qualitative research. Qualitative social work, 11(1), 80-96.
  76. Ungar, M. (2011). The social ecology of resilience: Addressing contextual and cultural ambiguity of a nascent construct. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 81(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/ 10.1111/j.19390025.2010.01067.x 351
  77. Van Manen, M (2017) Phenomenology and Meaning Attribution, Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, 17:1, 1-12. https://doi.org /10.1080/20797222.2017.1368253
  78. Van Manen, M. (2007). Phenomenology of Practice. Phenomenology and Practice. 1(1). (11-30). Van Manen, M. (2011). Phenomenology online.
  79. Van Manen, Max, https://www.phenomenology online.com/inquiry/
  80. Walker, B. H., L. H. Gunderson, A. P. Kinzig, C. Folke, S. R. Carpenter, and L. Schultz. 2006. A handful of heuristics and some propositions for understanding resilience in social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society 11(1): 13. [online] URL: http://www.ecology andsociety .org/vol11/iss1/art13/
  81. Walker, B., Holling, C., Carpenter, S., & Kinzig, A. (2004). Resilience, Adaptability, and Transformability in Social-ecological Systems. Ecology and Society, 9(2). www.jstor.org/stable /26267673
  82. Walker, B., S. Carpenter, J. Anderies, N. Abel, G. S.Cumming, M. Janssen, L. Lebel, J.
  83. Walsh, K. (1996). Philosophical hermeneutics and the project of Hans Georg Gadamer: implications for nursing research. Nursing Inquiry, 3(4), 231–237. https://doi.org/10 .1111/j.14401800.1996.tb00046.x
  84. Wang, H., Hall, N. C., & Klassen, R. M. (2021). The role of resilience in educational leadership during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Educational Administration, 59(3), 377-393.
  85. Wei, H., Roberts, P., Strickler, J., & Corbett, R. W. (2019). Nurse leaders’ strategies to foster nurse resilience. Journal of Nursing Management, 27(4), 681-687.
  86. West, C., Stewart, L., Foster, K., & Usher, K. (2012). The meaning of resilience to persons living with chronic pain: an interpretive qualitative inquiry. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 21(9-10), 1284–1292. https://doi.org /10.11 11/j.1365-2702.2011.04005.x
  87. Wexler, L. M., DiFluvio, G., & Burke, T. K. (2009). Resilience and marginalized youth: Making a case for personal and collective meaning-making as part of resilience research in public health. Social Science & Medicine, 69(4), 565–570. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j. socscimed.2009.06.022
  88. Wilkinson, C. (2011). Social-ecological resilience: Insights and issues for planning theory. Planning Theory, 11(2), 148–169. https://doi. org/ 10. 1177/1473095211426274
  89. Williamson, V. H. (2005). A hermeneutic phenomenological study of women's experiences of postnatal depression and health professional intervention (Doctoral dissertation).